De Facto Corporation is a defense to personal liability focusing on the acts of the defendant Defective incorporation occurs when the promoters fail to fully comply with the applicable corporate statute. De Jure Corporation Corporation by Estoppel Defective incorporation occurs when the promoters fail to fully comply with the applicable corporate statute. De Jure Corporation Corporation by Estoppel Characteristics Articles and Bylaws Pre-Incorporation Contracts Ultra Vires Doctrine The Objective of the Corporation Characteristics Articles and Bylaws Pre-Incorporation Contracts Defective Incorporation Ultra Vires Doctrine The Objective of the Corporation Corporate Form